Current and Future Transistor Technology

In the age of CMOS, we have developed different transistor technologies to make device smarter, faster and operate in any condition. Research in VLSI has taken future steps for the upcoming generation. SiliconMentor is a platform for the VLSI engineers to utilize their technical skills for the creation and development of a device that can be operated at several parameters.
A few of the present and future transistor technologies are described below:

*BJT *JFET *MOSFET *MESFET *FinFET (Tri-gate, InGaAs)

*UTB SOI *CNT FET *SET *Vacuum channel Transistor

*Tunnel FET *SiNW FET *Plasma Transistor *Green FET

*Graphene based 2-D transistor *Spin-MOSFET *optical transistor

Ultra thin Body Silicon-on-Insulator: Its name suggests that a silicon layer or MOS develops on the insulating layer. It can eliminate the punchthrough path between drain and source. It also removes the short-channel effects. Many companies work at UTB-SOI transistor technology.

FinFET:  In FinFET, the conducting channel is enfolded by a thin silicon "fin", which forms the body of the transistor. The thickness of the fin (measured in the direction from source to drain) determines the effective channel length of the device. The enfold-around gate structure provides a better electrical control over the channel and thus helps in reducing the leakage current and overcoming other short channel effects.

Vacuum Channel Transistor: In this new transistor, electrons propagate freely through the nothingness of a vacuum and it produces less noise and distortion than solid state semiconductor materials. Vacuum-channel transistors could work 10 times as fast as ordinary silicon transistors and may be able to operate at terahertz frequencies, which is beyond the reach of any solid-state device. 

CNT FET: CNT FET uses carbon nanotube as the channel instead of bulk.  CNT transistor switches using less power than ordinary silicon bulk transistor. It has better compatibility with high-k dielectric and five times higher transconductance.

Tunnel FET: A new transistor design—the tunnel FET or TFET (we take the advantage of tunnelling of electrons through thin barriers in MOSFET) which works by raising or lowering an energy barrier to control the flow of current, the tunnel transistor keeps this energy barrier high. The device switches on and off by changing the probability that electrons on one side of that barrier will materialize on the other side. In the tunnel FET, we use the gate to control the electrical thickness of the barrier and thus the probability that electrons can slip through it.

In a TFET, we use p-i-n and n-i-p configurations for transistor. The intrinsic state (electron as well as holes) corresponds to the maximum resistivity that a semiconductor can have. TFETs should be able to switch with a much smaller voltage swing than that required in a MOSFET. Tunnel junctions like the one used in the TFET are also widely used to connect multijunction solar cells and to trigger semiconductor-based quantum cascade lasers.

Single electron transistor: Two electrodes (drain and source) connected through tunnel junctions to one common electrode with a low self-capacitance, known as the island (or Quantum Dot). The electrical potential of the island can be tuned by a third electrode (known as the gate) which is capacitively coupled to the island.

Transistor that runs on Protons: Scientists have developed a first solid-state transistor that controls the flow of protons instead of electrons. The device could help to interface at a molecular level with living systems, since biology commonly involves protons and ions to perform work and transmit information. There are no p-n junctions to block current when the device is off. So the device functions more like a wire with variable conductivity than as a perfect switch. 

In this transistor, palladium was the key to getting the transistor to work, because it is one of a rare group of materials that can absorb hydrogen, creating a hydride that can easily accept and donate protons. Using this material to build the source and the drain allowed the team to inject protons into the channel just as in an electronic transistor.

Plasma transistor: The new micro-plasma transistors work at temperatures of up to 790 °C (inside nuclear reactors). They could be used to make electronics for controlling robots that conduct tasks inside a nuclear reactor. The channel in a plasma transistor consists of a partially ionized gas, or plasma, instead of a semiconductor bulk. An electron emitter (typically silicon) injects electrons into the plasma when a voltage is applied to it. Plasmas are generated at high temperatures, making them suitable for a risky-environment transistor. In addition to working in nuclear reactors, the new high degree-temperature transistors could be used to generate X-rays.

Optical transistor:

An optical transistor is a device that amplifies or switches optical signals. Light fall on an optical transistor’s input changes the intensity of light emitted from the transistor’s output. Since the input signal intensity may be weaker than that of the source, this transistor amplifies the optical signal. Optical transistors provide a means to control light using only light and has applications in optical computing and fiber-optic communication networks.

Grephene based Transistor:

Graphene is a 2-D one atom thick layer of graphite. It is light, strong, nearly transparent and excellent conductor of heat and electricity.

A transparent thin-film transistor (TFT) has developed from tungsten diselenide (WSe₂)/ molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as the semiconducting layer, graphene for the electrodes and hexagonal boron nitride as the insulator.

A new material (silicon carbide) has proposed that can replace graphene interface for monolithic wafer-scale electronics.

                                                   Author - Deepak Berwal
                                            (Research Associate at Silicon Mentor)

                                   

Future Transistor technology : VLSI

Tags : M.tech Projects , VLSI Projects , IEEE Projects , PhD Projects ,  MATLAB Projects , VLSI

 

M.tech Research Projects guidance

Members of Silicon Mentor realise the importance of Mini and Major project that a M.tech student has to undertake and complete to comply as a curriculum pre-requisite. It specially has more significance for M.tech students or PhD students as they need to present a feasible study and simulation results on new design strategy adopted along with performance parameter analysis to substantiate their strategy.

This is how we at Silicon Mentor guide and help students in executing such research projects:

·         Discussion with candidate on sub-domain and subject matter;

·         Selecting a IEEE based topic and explaining the candidate of the underlying concept and exact identification of the problem statement;

·         Assisting synopsis preparation and verifying that it is aligned with problem statement and mentioning the logic that will be adopted to overcome the problem;

·         Searching the closest base paper and other closest prior art through research databases and other technical forums ,such as, IEEE, Research gate, Scribd , to name few and assisting students in chalking out the design strategy;

·         Periodic checking on the WPR (Weekly Progress Report) and the presentations indicating the project implantation flow;

·         Project Training on required tool so that the student can simulate and prove the base paper and study the dependency of circuit or its equivalent functional model on different parameters;

·         Deriving the student out of his comfort zone to develop out of the box thinking while resolving problems abstract as well as tangible, encountered during project execution;

·         Nourishing the ideas of the student and channelizing the ideas to obtain final results (complete the research).

Though we have started recently, we have made quick and innovative strides as in guiding 60 graduate and post graduate research students in sub micron layout, pre-silicon characterisation as part of their research projects in compliance with curriculum requisites, trained more than 45 students in basics and advanced methodologies and tools of VLSI and associated domains.

Author - Varinder Josan 

(Research Associate at Silicon Mentor)

Tags : M.tech Projects , M.tech Paper Publication , M.tech projects Guidance and supports , ieee M.tech Projects .

Implementation of FFT in decimation in time in verilog-

The Fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm that efficiently computes the discrete Fourier transform(DFT). In this particular implementation of FFT, which is capable of computing the fast Fourier transformation in case of decimation in time, when the number of inputs are eight.

In this particular design, implementation is done on the software Modelsim SE 6.5, using the hardware descriptive language verilog for designing. Furthermore using the concept of Folding as well as Retiming,
we can easily reduce the number of registers used in the normal FFT.

Difference can be easily seen as below :

(A.)FFT (without Folding & Retiming)



 Now, below is simulation window- FFT in DIT

(B.)FFT (with Folding & Retimin






  

Simulation window – FFT in Decimation in time


Author - Akash Kumar 
(Research Associate at Silicon Mentor)


Tags : Verilog Training in delhi - ncr , VLSI training in delhi NCR ,  M.tech final year Projects Guidance and supports

Verilog Training in Delhi - NCR

Today, we had got the easiest approach for analyzing our hardware description circuit virtually before doing fabrication on PCB’s. Verilog is one of the weapons to resolve this problem and very interesting way to design our circuit. Verilog is one of the hardware description languages which are very easy to implement the desired functionality in the form of the virtual hardware circuit, but we have also had options to check whether the design is working properly or not. Through the process of simulation, we can easily see that after providing inputs we are getting the desired output or not in the simulation window. We can easily see the wide range of Verilog applications. Verilog is not only simply the hardware descriptive language, but one of the easiest approaches for designing task regarding any fields such as communications, digital signal processing or simply mathematics. The ones we come to know, what task we have to perform, it doesn’t matter to which field it is related we can design the whole package on a just small piece of silicon by just writing few Verilog lines.

 Author - Rahul Bhardwaj

(Research Associate at silicon mentor)

verlog training in delhi-NCR


Tags : VLSI Training in delhi-ncr , Backend Training institute in VLSI, Frontend VLSI training , MATLAB Projects Training 

Some Vital Guidelines for VLSI PhD Researchers

The IEEE PhD projects are intellectual challenging tasks in itself and when it comes to VLSI it becomes more and more complex for a student to start with his/her research project. The first and most prior thing is to choose the area of research or the topic selection for the research. Certain things should always kept in mind while selecting a topic of interest from the VLSI viz. One should never select a topic by getting enthusiastic and should never underestimate any topic because sometimes a student opts for a very difficult topic at the beginning but later it becomes very fractious for the student to cope up with the chosen topic. Hence, one should always give a thorough reading before topic selection. 

Research Projects

Now, once the topic is selected it is really inevitable to support and direct the students at the regular instant of time so that he/she should be encouraged time to time. There are a number of VLSI companies/institutions who destine the VLSI PhD students during their research projects. So, students seek for the help from the VLSI institutes and get their research completed with the guidance of these institutes and companies.

SiliconMentor is VLSI Technology Company evolved to create a revolution in the field of VLSI and the only organization in northern INDIA who provides complete solutions for the students doing their PhD research projects in VLSI. SiliconMentor has the virtuosity in the core domains of electronics i.e. Advance Analog Design, RF and Mix-mode, Memory and Layouts, Digital Design and Verification i.e. Having caliber in both the sub domains of VLSI viz. Front end as well as Back end.

SiliconMentor guides the PhD and M.Tech students in their research which initiates from the topic selection followed by the base paper implementation and a novel approach is proposed for the research and modifications. The professors and students are advised in their thesis preparation and IEEE paper publications and publication in various national and International journals alongside.

The research supervision and assistance remains with the students and professors till their final submission and SiliconMentor tries to take the research work up to patent level so that we INDIANS can take forward our technology in our INDIA only.

VLSI Projects

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) describes about the semiconductor integrated circuits which are composed of hundreds of thousands of transistors in a chip. It provides high computational speed with minimum power dissipation, minimum chip area and lower cost. Frontend and Backend domain contains all the design steps of a VLSI chip from system level to layout level. SiliconMentor is the innovative technical group that works in both domains to cover the vast field of VLSI. According to the MRD, a new VLSI chip idea built up for the people requirements. This idea propagates to Frontend technical teams and they start implementation of the project using HDLs. They design RTL level and logic level of the required project. After that Frontend verification is required to check the design specifications using System Verilog. If it passes all the verification successfully then the project further propagates to the Backend group. They perform their task from circuit level to the layout level using various tools such as Cadence Virtuoso, Tanner, and ADS etc.  And verification at backend level is also required to check that specifications. So according to requirements, we have various VLSI project domains such as Digital, Analog VLSI projects, DSP VLSI projects , Communication VLSI projects  and FPGA in  Frontend and Backend projects. SiliconMentor project guidance covers Verilog and System Verilog language, tools like Model_sim, Questa_sim, Xilinx ISE, MATLAB Simulink, Tanner (S-edit, L-edit), ADS, H-Spice, P-Spice, Cadence Orcad and Micro wind. SiliconMentor also works at sub-device level using COMSOL Multiphysics.

                                                         Author- Deepak Berwal
                                                   (Research Associate at Silicon Mentor)

vlsi projects

Tags : VLSI Projects , M.Tech Projects, IEEE Projects , MATLAB Projects , VLSI Projects Training , PhD Projects

Research Guidance For VLSI PhD Projects

The main motive of Doing PhD is to invent something excusive for the world. Students pursuing PhD devote four to five year to complete their thesis work which is enough to take technology forward. Research work in PhD involves in-depth identification of problem statement for respective field. One should think very carefully about the scope of research. So PhD projects selection should be highly innovative and must not be selected with the enthusiasm but to maintain the enthusiasm throughout the project until the project is finished.

Research Guidance For PhD projects

Here at SiliconMentor we provide guidance to PhD students for their research work.  We provide a suitable framework for VLSI PhD Research projects. Our research interest  cover Analog circuit design, Ultra low power VLSI design of Standard cell, Advance digital signal processing, Communication IPs, Digital circuit design,  RF & Mixed Signal Circuit design, Image & Video processing for Biomedical applications, FPGA Prototyping,  Processor architecture & bus protocol.Our effort drives us in application development and product development. We try our level best to take the PhD research work up to patent level.

We provide guidance in VLSI PhD projects, VLSI M.tech projects, MATALB PhD Projects, VLSI DSP projects for M.tech, MATLAB projects for M.tech, Analog PhD projects, DSP Projects for PhD, IEEE PhD projects and more even.

Our project support start from topic selection as per choice of students, Literature survey, and problem statement identification, tentative solution for problem, implementation of the projects, Implementation of New research approaches, tool practice and project guidance and the support continues till the final submission.