Analog Prototyping of Neural Networks And its Applications

 Introduction

As we are moving towards a revolutionary era of technology so there is a requirement of precise, predictive and accurate analysis which may be fulfill by neural networks.

Neural networks, as the name suggests, is analogous to human brain which have highly interconnected neurons. Different Combinations of transistors formed neurons which are interconnected to design neural networks. These neurons are also termed as processing elements.
Neural networks can efficiently solve a complex problem. By understanding the relationship between the different input data theoretically unknown solution can be found in problem space. Generally the output of neural networks is not predictive.

Now let us take an example of neural networks i.e. “winner takes all circuit”. In WTA circuits many inputs are given to the different neurons and these neurons compete with each other and give output according to neuron having highest input current/voltage.

Application of Neural Networks

There are various applications of neural networks in today’s industries, some of them are as follows:

•    Pattern recognition : neural networks play a vital role in pattern recognition. Networks is design according to the input pattern and it gives the output corresponding to associated pattern

•    Data validation : several data is given as input at different layers of neuron but result come out according to the input data validate by neural circuitry.

•    Forecasting : By analyzing the output at different inputs forecasting can be done i.e. it can be determine that which input gives desired output.

•    Target marketing : if forecasting can be done then way to achieve target can be analyzed easily. It becomes possible to know that which input leads target output.

•    Risk management : with the help of neural networks chances to choose wrong input becomes quite less.

Neural Networks

Author - Jyotishna Bansal

(Intern at Silicon Mentor)

PROCESS CORNERS

Process corners refer to the process inaccuracies, temperature and other parameter variations. The simulations that are used to analyze these process inaccuracies are different from each other. The corners describe the differences of a chip behavior form its nominal condition are usually supplied with the process kit and these are originally located in model libraries.

These kit contains  corner condition for the SS, FF, TT, FS, SF etc process, where these abbreviations stands for Slow NMOS-Slow PMOS, Fast NMOS-Fast PMOS, Typical NMOS-Typical PMOS, Fast NMOS-Slow PMOS, Slow NMOS-Fast PMOS etc. These corner conditions are checked with the help of EDA or simulation process and in result it describes IC behavior. It may contain the process of temperature variation and V_dd (supply voltage) variation depends on customer IC requirement. e.g. For car manufacturing company the IC should be checked for  maximum corner conditions and temperature variations otherwise  IC will not fulfill all requirement.­­­

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Power dissipation in CMOS digital circuits

The growing development of CMOS logic VLSI circuits has decreased the circuit size, increased the switching speed , there is one problem associated with this technology that is known as the power dissipation . There are many researchers who are trying to decrease the power consumption of CMOS based digital circuits. The main cause of power dissipation in CMOS based VLSI circuits are divided on the basis of   its working or behavior.

There are mainly two cases of Power dissipation 1) Dynamic power dissipation 2) Static power dissipation. This dynamic power dissipation can be further divided in three parts known as switching power dissipation, short circuit power dissipation and glitching power dissipation. These can be reduced by changing the parameters of the following models:

  switching power

P _switching = α F_operating.V_dd² C_L [for full output swing]

Where F_operating is operating frequency_, V_dd = supply voltage_, C_L= Net load capacitance_, α= switching activity factor of gate.

P _switching = α F_operating V_dd. V_swing C_L [for low voltage swing]

Short circuit power

Pshort circuit = (μC_ox/12) (W/L)(V_dd-2V_th)³τ F_operating

Where  τ = rise/ fall time of the input signal

The static power dissipation occurs because of two reasons: DC current and Transistor leakage current.

   

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